Describe How The Sociological Perspectives Explain Social...

Describe how the sociological perspectives explain social problems related to the family. The family affords its members with a social uniqueness. Offspring are born into their parents’ social class, culture and race, religious conviction, and so forth. Some kids have benefits throughout life because of the social uniqueness they obtain from their parents, while others face many hindrances because the social class or race/ethnicity into which they are born is at the bottom of the social ladder. The conflict perspective accentuates that many of the problems we see in today’s families stem from financial inequality and from patriarchy. The problems that many families experience echo the fact that they live in or near an impoverished†¦show more content†¦Many children will adjust to their parents divorce, but some will continue to have significant problems into adulthood. Parents sensitivity to their child s needs is one of the most important factors in facilitating adjustment. Other factors such as the child s age, gender and temperament will also i nfluence how well the child adjusts. Preschoolers tend to be emotionally needy, have fears related to abandonment, and may display acting-out behaviors following their parents divorce or separation. Preschooler are likely to become very distressed during visit exchanges. Boys and girls tend to react differently to their parents divorce. As a rule, girls tend to become anxious and withdrawn, while boys tend to become more aggressive and disobedient. Girls from divorced families may become sexually active earlier than girls from intact families. Interestingly, boys often adjust better when their mothers remarry, while girls have more difficulty. Children of divorced families tend to have long-term adjustment difficulties when there is ongoing conflict between their parents. Boys are likely to display marked behavior problems when this exists. Children s adjustment is also determined by the amount of conflict the parents had before the divorce. Researchers have found that children in divorced families, where there is little conflict following the divorce, do not differ in adjustment than children from low conflict intactShow MoreRelatedMarxism And Functionalism : Society And Sport Essay1658 Words   |  7 PagesIn this essay a comparison of two different sociological perspectives such as Marxism and Functionalism through society and sport, highlighting the benefits and problems. Both, Marxism and Functionalism are sets of ideas trying to provide an explanation for human society and how it operates. Marxism and Functionalism are both related to a structural view of sociology. That is according to Giddens observable patterns of behavior within a society that shapes the individual due to so many differentRead MoreWeek 1 Sociology Notes1548 Words   |  7 PagesOne The Sociological Perspective The sociological perspective provides a specific view of the world. Briefly describe this perspective and the assumptions this perspective is based on. The sociological perspective puts emphasis on the social context in which people live in and how these contexts influence their lives. At the center of this perspective is the question of how groups influence people, especially how people are influence by their society. Sociologists will look at how income, jobsRead MoreThe And Tenets Of Life Course Criminology1587 Words   |  7 Pagessocietal problem of delinquency is a seemingly unsolvable issue that has persisted since the Industrial Revolution (Bell, 2015). As a result of this perceived surplus of young people who commit antisocial behaviour, academics have attempted to not only solve delinquency, but identify the factors that contribute to it. The life-course perspective was adopted as one way to understand and explain this complex issue. Life-course criminology (often referred to as DLC) emerged from this perspective as a wayRead MoreInequality Between Men And Women1315 Words   |  6 PagesContents Introduction 3 Defining â€Å"Social Problem† 3 Explaining Sociological Viewpoint 3 Chosen Social Problem Introduction 3 Thesis 3 Defining Sexism 3 Why is it a social problem? 3-4 Statistics 4 Identifying and Defining Four Concepts Related to Sexism 4-5 How is this problem being addressed? 5 Conclusion 6 References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 7 Social problems have always been a part of society. Although some social problems have disappeared over time othersRead MoreHolistic Nursing Essay1535 Words   |  7 PagesHolistic assessments in nursing provide a unique quality of care to the individual patient. Holism in the provision of care includes assessments obtaining data about the physiological, psychological, sociological, spiritual, developmental, cultural and environmental aspects. It is imperative that the nurse conducting these assessments adopts methods in the nursing process that reflects the standards outlined in Australian Nursing and Midwifery Council National Competency Standards for the RegisteredRead MoreStructural Functionalist Theory Of Society1648 Words   |  7 PagesStructural-Functionalist theory. This theory states that everything in society is but a small part of a much larger, more complex system and that all things are related meaning that when the whole s needs are met, the individual s needs are also met (Schaefer, 2015). The idea is that individualism is allowed, although deterred and closely watched because if the individual is to stray too far, the whole will suffer in turn causing other individuals to suffer. Another explanation for this theoryRead MorePoverty and Deprivation Essay1714 Words   |  7 PagesPoverty and Deprivation Absolute (or subsistence) Poverty is a term used to describe poverty that is measured as being without the resources to maintain health and physical efficiency. Basic human needs such as an amount of food, clothes and shelter are ways that ‘being in’ absolute poverty is measured. â€Å"a family is poor if it cannot afford to eat†. (Keith Joseph, 1979). The concept of absolute poverty was developed by Rowntree in the 19th century. Usually measuredRead MoreSociology and Perspective Essay2373 Words   |  10 PagesSociology-Family Page 1. Family A family is â€Å"a set of people related by blood, marriage or some other agreed-upon relationship, or adoption, who share the primary responsibility for reproduction and caring for members of society.† (Schaefer, 2009) A family is considered a social institution. This social institution is one that can be applied to all three sociological theories which are functionalism, conflict, and interactionism. The first sociological theory is functionalism. A functionalismRead MoreESSAY - Examine sociological explanations for the lower rates of recorded crime in rural compared to urban areas1414 Words   |  6 PagesHomework Essay Question – Mrs Young 8th November 2013 ESSAY QUESTION: ‘Examine Sociological explanations for the lower rates of recorded crime in rural compared to urban areas’†¦ A group of sociologists based in Chicago became known as Chicago School, and they argued that the growth of cities produced distinctive neighbourhoods, each with its own characteristic lifestyle. Shaw and McKay applied this perspective to their study of delinquency. Statistics from their study shows that 9.8% of crimesRead MoreWhy People Commit The Crime Essay1538 Words   |  7 Pagespeople commit the crime is very important in the ongoing debate on how crime should be handled or committed. Several criminological theories that best describe the cause for juvenile delinquency is social disorganization, strain, social process, control, labeling, conflict, and development life course theory. We will compare and contrast these different theories with a focus on adolescent involvement in criminal street gangs. Social disorganization is defined as an inability of community members to

Comparing Miley and Taylor Free Essays

Compare and contrast writing Topic: Compare two famous people: Taylor Swift and Miley Cyrus Outline * Background: started to perform at young age * Success: Forbes’ list, teenager’s idol all over the world * Composing habit: write about their own relationship Each celebrity tends to create their own style in both life and music to become unique and then impress audience. On newspapers or magazines, Taylor Swift and Miley Cyrus are two obviously different images, the former is innocent and graceful, the latter seems to be stubborn and strong; however, in fact, they share some surprising similarities. One important similarity is their background. We will write a custom essay sample on Comparing Miley and Taylor or any similar topic only for you Order Now Both Taylor and Miley started their career at their young age. When Taylor was nine, she spent most of her weekends singing at local festivals, fairs, coffee houses, etc. After impressing music managers by her performing at Radio Corporation of America records showcase, she signed her first contrast with Big Machine Records at the age of fourteen and released her debut album three years later. Like Taylor, Miley was just eight years old when she has her first role in the film ‘Doc’. Nevertheless, her name has not been known by the world until she received the leading role for the film ‘Hannah Montana’, a Disney Channel’s musical children series. Another similarity between Taylor and Miley is their fame. It goes without saying that both of them have great impact on young people. In 2010, Taylor held the 16th position on the Forbes’s Celebrity 100. Beside many worldwide hits, she sold over 26 million albums and 75 million download digitals and became one of the most successful female singers in the history of the US music industry. Similarly, Miley ranked number thirteen on Forbes’ list in the same year. She also won a Guinness World Record for the song ‘Party in the USA’ and has million fans all over the world. Finally, two beautiful singers share one habit which is that compose and sing songs about their lovers. One of the most famous relationships of Taylor was with Joe Jonas who broke up with her by a 27-second phone call. After the separation, Taylor wrote a song about his faithless and put it in her best-selling album, Fearless. Following this song, Taylor tends to integrate her own experience with man in each song she composes, and they all achieve their popularity. Likewise, Miley wrote the lyrics for the song ‘7 things’ about her ex-boyfriend and 12 other songs which are inspired by her relationship with her finance in her latest album. Although Taylor and Miley are unique artists, there are remarkable similarities in their background, reputation and composing habit. In a way, those are reasons why they are close friend in real life. How to cite Comparing Miley and Taylor, Papers

The Death Penalty Essay Example For Students

The Death Penalty Essay Is the death penalty just or unjust? It has been argued that capitol punishmentis imposed merely to gratify a desire for revenge. Whether or not a punishmentis legal depends upon whether or not it serves a valid goal or purpose of apolicy. The death penalty is usually defended on two grounds; is useful andthat is just . Is capitol punishment moral or immoral?Is the death penaltymoral? Capitol punishment is imposed to spare future victims of murder bycarrying out the threat of execution upon convicted murderers. The deathpenalty punishes them not for what they may or may not do in the future but whatthey have already done. Its unclear that the murderer has the same right tolive as their victim. Our ancestors purged their guilt by banishment, notdeath. And by so doing they stopped that endless vicious cycle of murder andrevenge. (Euripedes, Orestes 408 B.C.) By 1500 in England only major feloniescarried the death penalty. Reform of the death penalty began in Europe by the1750s. By the 1850s these reform efforts bore fruit. Michigan firstabolished the death penalty in 1847. Various public opinion polls report thatmore than 70% of Americans favor the death penalty for murder. By 1991, some2,350 persons were under the death sentence in 36 states. The death penaltyshould be moral because, a life for a life.Is the death penalty immoral?Life imprisonment without the possibility of parole is a realistic alternativefor the small number of offenders who are likely to be executed in any givenyear. Justice does not demand death but justice does demand that murderers bepunished. If punishment is justifiable as for restoring justice and the moralorder, it does not necessarily follow that capitol punishment is moral. Thedeath penalty only allows us to extend the pain. It allows us to continue toblame one another, to turn against one another, to learn to hate better . Manypeople think that by executing some criminals, we will deter others. The costto send a murderer to a dea th penalty is about 3 million dollars. The cost isdramatically lower to keep a criminal in for life imprisonment without thepossibility for parole. The death penalty is just cruel and unusualpunishment.Personally, the death penalty is moral and just. If you take alife you should have yours taken. It is here to show that the death penaltypunishes the murderer for what they have already done. There are some instanceswhere it is very unclear whether the death penalty should be used. For example,a man that works in a high security research facility. A foreign agent hasevidence that he has been selling information to another foreign spy andthreatens to kill him if he doesnt kill the spy. He kills the spy and getscaught in fear of his own life5 . Should he receive the death penalty? Today,the death penalty is still uncertain in many cases if it is just or unjust. Oneof the Ten Commandments states, Thou shalt not kill. Wouldnt this meanthe death penalty is murder?Is capitol punishment mo ral or immoral? Someday the death penalty could beabolished totally. The big controversy is if the death penalty is fair or not. Should a murderer get his own life taken or should it be called a cruel andunusual punishment.? The best possibility that has been discovered is lifewithout the possibility of parole. Is capitol punishment a desire for revengeor is it a purpose of a policy? The death penalty should be questioned againstthe Constitution. .u4515785502c142253ccc98dbe4fab731 , .u4515785502c142253ccc98dbe4fab731 .postImageUrl , .u4515785502c142253ccc98dbe4fab731 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u4515785502c142253ccc98dbe4fab731 , .u4515785502c142253ccc98dbe4fab731:hover , .u4515785502c142253ccc98dbe4fab731:visited , .u4515785502c142253ccc98dbe4fab731:active { border:0!important; } .u4515785502c142253ccc98dbe4fab731 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u4515785502c142253ccc98dbe4fab731 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u4515785502c142253ccc98dbe4fab731:active , .u4515785502c142253ccc98dbe4fab731:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u4515785502c142253ccc98dbe4fab731 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u4515785502c142253ccc98dbe4fab731 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u4515785502c142253ccc98dbe4fab731 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u4515785502c142253ccc98dbe4fab731 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u4515785502c142253ccc98dbe4fab731:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u4515785502c142253ccc98dbe4fab731 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u4515785502c142253ccc98dbe4fab731 .u4515785502c142253ccc98dbe4fab731-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u4515785502c142253ccc98dbe4fab731:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Organizational communication EssayCategory: Law

My Love-Hate Relationship with New York Essay Example

My Love-Hate Relationship with New York Essay New York City is a fascinating place with too much charm for its own good. It is evident in both E. B. Whites Here is New York and Goodbye to All That, by Joan Doing that it is easy to fall in love with New York. However, it isnt too hard to fall out of love with this city, either. White mentions three types of New Yorkers: natives, commuters and non-natives, and how they contribute to the quality of this city. Doing tells us the story of her arrival to New York from the West, and discusses her rough first- Impression, that led to a decision to stay for 8 years. Both authors create an Image of New York that shows a city of wonder and curiosity, which leads me to believe that a relationship with New York City can (and will) be complicated because there are aspects that we may grow to love, and others that we might end up despising. In the opening passage from E. B. Whites Here Is New York, he describes the three types of New Yorkers as the natives who take their city for granted; the commuters who live the fast-paced, sheep-like lifestyle; and the non-native New Yorkers who come, reaching for something new. We will write a custom essay sample on My Love-Hate Relationship with New York specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on My Love-Hate Relationship with New York specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on My Love-Hate Relationship with New York specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer According to white, It Is the third type of New York that completes the city, as a whole. He says, They account for New Works high disposition, poetical deportment, and dedication to the arts, and its comparable achievements. Although this makes it a beautiful place, it is also the citys demise. He goes on to say that New York is a target for destruction, due to its clear priority. It is vulnerable, because there is so much variety; so much to offer! Its as though all of its buildings, ridges and other well-known landmarks have suddenly become ten times more noticeable! Nevertheless, each New Yorker embraces their city with the intense excitement of first-love, and a fresh, new adventure. Regardless of what may come of it, New York must hold a steady, irresistible charm, meaning it has a particular standard to own up to due to its high level of popularity. Although E. B. White doesnt mention one, I do believe there is a fourth type of New Yorker. They are the ones that grew up here and fell in love with its beauty, but had their heart broken by the new epistyle. The one who aspires to move on from New York, and experience life in the suburbs, away from the chaos, the monotony and the locusts! I am definitely the fourth type of New-Yorker. In an excerpt from Joan Dingos Goodbye to All That, she sets the mood for the text by stating it is easy to see the beginnings of things, and harder to see the ends. It is clear that she once had a better opinion of New York, until she had seen it for herself. While Doing may sound pessimistic, I realized that she was actually being optimistic. It Is easy to assume something Is going to be bad, based on a negative first Impression, but you never know how good It can turn out to be, after all. Dillon was twenty-years-old In the summer she arrived In New York. The warm air smelled of mildew and some Instinct programmed by all the movies, songs and stones I knew of New York Informed me that It would never be the same again, she explained. She described looking out of the bus window on her first night Into town, as she watched for the skyline, but could only see the wastes of Queens, big signs that said MIDTOWN TUNNEL THIS LANE, and a flood of exotic summer rain. During her long-distance calls with the boy she knew she would never marry, she had mentioned she would only stay for 6 months; she ended up staying was something so curious about a different kind of city, that she was eager to discover. Clearly, New Works charm can persuade anyone to stay, even through a difficult transition from one lifestyle to another. I consider myself to be the New Yorker that loves the city, but has grown out of it. Growing up, I always said that I could never leave New York. I loved the city, the big bridges lit up at night, looking out over the East River in Dumb, Brooklyn, having access to any city via public transit, the variety of cultures and cuisines, and ultimately living in a city that never sleeps! Although I still love these things about New York, I would much rather spend some time on a farm in Ohio! As an aspiring Wildlife Rehabilitate, I would love to raise ducks, goats, and dogs on farmland. It isnt legal to own certain species of animals, in he city of New York, so a lot of my goals have been put on hold. Dont get me wrong, I dont dislike living in New York, its Just that this city no longer has much to offer me. For some, the idea of having a chaotic subway station, filled with loud, pushy people, might be frightening. On the other hand, some would appreciate being able to travel anywhere in the city for two-dollars and fifty cents! As New Yorkers, we are very privileged! I pray that I will learn to love New York, all over again.. Relationship with New York City can be complicated because there are aspects that e may grow to love, and others that we end up disliking. While E. B. White, Joan Doing and I all agree that New York is a city of possibility as well as having a rough (or unexpected) first impression, New York ended up being a blessing after all. I cant say I see myself staying for the rest of my life, but I can say I will always have love for New York, deep down. So many amazing opportunities and experiences have been placed before me, and as a Native New Yorker, I am very privileged! I live in a bittersweet city; one that is always so beautiful, but often so cruel.

Andromeda Was a Legendary Princess in Greek Mythology

Andromeda Was a Legendary Princess in Greek Mythology Today we know of Andromeda as a galaxy, as the Andromeda Nebula, or as the Andromeda constellation located near the Pegasus constellation. There are also movies/TV programs bearing the name of this ancient princess. In the context of ancient history, she is a princess featured in the heroic Greek legends. Who Was Andromeda? Andromeda had the misfortune to be the daughter of the vain Cassiopeia, wife of King Cepheus of Ethiopia. As a result of Cassiopeias boast that she was as beautiful as the Nereids (sea nymphs), Poseidon (sea god) sent a great sea monster to ravage the coastline. An oracle told the king that the only way to get rid of the sea monster was to surrender his virgin daughter Andromeda to the sea monster; so he did, much as happened in the Roman story of Cupid and Psyche. King Cepheus chained Andromeda to a rock in the sea where the hero saw her. Perseus was still wearing the winged sandals of Hermes that he had used in the task of carefully decapitating Medusa while watching what he was doing only through a mirror. He asked what had happened to Andromeda, then when he heard, he promptly offered to rescue her by killing the sea monster, but on condition that her parents give her to him in marriage. With her safety uppermost in their minds, they instantly agreed. And so Perseus slew the monster, unchained the princess and brought Andromeda back to her many-relieved parents. The Wedding of Andromeda and Perseus Afterward, however, during wedding preparations, the happy celebrating proved premature. Andromedas fiance the one from before her enchaining, Phineus, showed up demanding his bride. Perseus argued that the surrender-to-her-death had invalidated the contract (and if he had really wanted her, why hadnt he slain the monster?). Then since his non-violent technique failed to persuade Phineus to gracefully bow out, Perseus pulled out the head of Medusa to show his rival. Perseus knew better than to watch what he was doing, but his rival didnt, and so, like many others, Phineus was instantly lithified. Perseus would go on to found Mycenae where Andromeda would be queen, but first, she gave birth to their first son Perses, who stayed behind to rule when his grandfather died. (Perses is considered the eponymous father of the Persians.) Perseus and Andromedas children were sons, Perses, Alcaeus, Sthenelus, Heleus, Mestor, Electryon, and a daughter, Gorgophone. After her death, Andromeda was placed among the stars as the Andromeda constellation. The monster who was sent to ravage Ethiopia was also turned into a constellation, Cetus. Pronunciation: Ã ¦n.dra.mÉ ª.dÉ™ Examples: Andromeda was the name of a TV series by Gene Roddenberry, starring Kevin Sorbo, the actor who played Hercules in the TV series. This is interesting because Andromeda was Hercules great grandmother.

Imperfect Subjunctive Verbs in Spanish

Imperfect Subjunctive Verbs in Spanish The imperfect subjunctive of Spanish is the simple past form of the subjunctive mood, the one used to refer to events or hypothesized events relating to the past (although it sometimes refers to the present). Although the equivalent verb form is rare in English, the imperfect subjunctive is an essential part of Spanish grammar. Key Takeaways: Imperfect Subjunctive in Spanish The imperfect subjunctive is the simple form of the past subjunctive.The imperfect subjunctive is used most often in a dependent clause that begins with  que.It can also follow  si  (the word for if) when referring to a condition that is unlikely. Spanish has two forms of the imperfect subjunctive, the -ra form and the -se form. The -ra form will be used for examples throughout this lesson because it is by far more common in speech. How To Use the Imperfect Subjunctive Like the present subjunctive, the imperfect subjunctive is used most often in sentences of the following form: Subject (may be implied) indicative verb que subject (may be implied) subjunctive verb The subject and indicative verb form what is known as an independent clause; que and what follows form a dependent clause. The imperfect subjunctive is most common when the independent clause is in the preterite, imperfect or conditional tense. The imperfect subjunctive also is used sometimes following si (the word for if). This lesson assumes that you know when to use the subjunctive and how it is conjugated. Here are the major uses of the imperfect subjunctive: Following a Past-Tense Independent Clause This use of the imperfect is the most straightforward, because all verbs clearly refer to the past. Note, however, that English may use a would in translation because of the sometimes hypothetical nature of the Spanish subjunctive: El gobierno ordenà ³ que se hablaran con los terroristas. (The government ordered them to speak to the terrorists.)Me asombrà ³ que nadie me diera apoyo. (It amazed me that nobody gave me support.)Todos esperbamos que dijera algo ms, pero eso fue todo. (We all hoped he would say something more, but that was all.)No querà ­a que mis hijos me vieran. (I didnt want my children to see me.) ¿Tenà ­as miedo que te matara? (Were you afraid he would kill you?) Following a Conditional Independent Clause The imperfect subjunctive can refer to a present possibility when it follows a main clause in a conditional tense. Such sentences cannot be translated word for word into English and may require the use of if or would: Nos gustarà ­a que hubiera ms participacià ³n. (We would like it if there were more participation. Note the use of the English subjunctive were in the translation.)Me temerà ­a que mi amigo tomara la misma actitud. (Id be afraid my friend would take on the same attitude.)Estarà ­a feliz que me dieras su opinion. (I would be happy if you gave me your opinion.) After Expressions of Possibility The main verb of a sentence following a word or phrase meaning maybe can be either in the indicative or the subjunctive. Use of the subjunctive may indicate considerable doubt on the speakers behalf that the statement is true. Quiz quisieran conocer los detalles. (Perhaps they wanted to know the details.)Tal vez pensaran que mis padres eran ricos. (Maybe they thought my parents were rich.)Posiblemente no tuvieran otras alternativas. (Possibly they didnt have other alternatives.) To Indicate an Unlikely Condition As with the English past subjunctive following if, the Spanish imperfect subjunctive can be used following si to indicate something that the speaker believes is false or highly unlikely. An example would be a sentence starting out si yo fuera rico (if I were rich). When used this way, the subjunctive verb is typically followed by verb in the conditional tense, such as si yo fuera rico, comprarà ­a un coche (if I were rich, I would buy a car). Note that the condition expressed by the subjunctive verb refers to the present. Si yo comprara la otra consola, podrà ­a ahorrar la diferencia para comprar juegos. (If I bought the other console, I could save the difference for buying games. See how comprara and bought refer to the present even though they take the form of past tenses.)Si estuvieras aquà ­, te estrecharà ­a entre mis brazos. (If you were here, Id hold you tightly in my arms.)Si viviera en Aragà ³n, me gustarà ­a esquiar. If I lived in Aragà ³n, Id like to ski. If you need to refer to a past condition, you can use the imperfect subjunctive of haber with a past participle to form the pluperfect subjunctive: Si yo hubiera comprado la otra consola, habrà ­a ahorrado la diferencia para comprar juegos. If I had bought the other console, I would have saved the difference to buy games.

Investigate, Outline and Analyze UK Food Industry Essay

Investigate, Outline and Analyze UK Food Industry - Essay Example As the report stresses in the modern world of globalisation, the economy of one country is related to that of another. Under such a scenario, free markets exist where the governments do not regulate the prices rather the prices are fixed by the demand and supply system. Therefore, an industry not only depends on the products offered by the domestic companies, but also in this era of globalization and free market, on the competitors in the industry. With the presence of many competitors in the market, people get the high quality products at lower prices. In UK, the government’s liberalization of the economy from the 1980s has led to increased market competition in all the industries. The researcher has chosen the food industry of UK for the analysis. The paper declares that the food industry in UK is ruled by supermarkets and retailers that have an effective supply chain system. The process starts from the cultivation of food in the farm land. The farmers produce the food and the retailers buy the raw materials from them. The retailers then pack the food and bring it to the customers. There are many players in the industry and so the competition is intense. As the market is a free one, so the entry barriers are lower and for that there are new companies who want to enter the market. The food sector can contribute in an effective way. As the food industry is growing and employment conditions are better here, the industry can take a leading role towards the growth of UK’s economy.

Violence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Violence - Essay Example This paper tackles the topic of violence in films over different time periods and how these films differ. Each film is discussed using the theoretical perspectives of how violence occurs in a society. The film industry has many types of films or genres, and one of these is the gangster or criminal movies which portray the lives and exploits of criminals. These portrayals can often be too realistic for comfort although films which depict violence continue to enjoy its popularity. In this paper, the two films being considered for discussion are the â€Å"Gangs of New York† and also â€Å"There will Be Blood† in which the former was made in 2002 but the time period of the film was in 1863 while the latter film was made later in 2007 and its time setting was in 1902. It is just a mere coincidence the two selected films featured the same actor, Daniel Day-Lewis. This paper adopts the theoretical perspective of differential association theory in terms of explaining the violence in these two films. This particular theory best explains and is thought to be the most credible or realistic among several theories propounded regarding crime causation. Other theories may explain deviant behaviors in society but the differential association theory is right on the dot on why people commit crimes, which is due to their learned behavior. This theory states that people commit crimes because of their association with criminals via social interactions with these criminals, in which crimes are not viewed as inherently evil. In the film â€Å"Gangs of New York† the main protagonists learned how to be violent due to their prior associations with crime leaders. Bill Cutting (Daniel Day-Lewis) learned to be violent to enforce leadership of a crime gang under his mentor, Boss Tweed. On the other hand, Amsterdam Vallon (Leonardo DiCaprio) also learned to be violent due to his association with some underworld and unsavory characters, namely the former allies of his murdered

The Role Public Administration Play in This Modern Society Essay Example for Free

The Role Public Administration Play in This Modern Society Essay Public administration houses the implementation of government policy and an academic discipline that studies this implementation and that prepares civil servants for this work. As a field of inquiry with a diverse scope its fundamental goal is to advance management and policies so that government can function. Some of the various definitions which have been offered for the term are: the management of public programs; the translation of politics into the reality that citizens see every day; and the study of government decision making, the analysis of the policies themselves, the various inputs that have produced them, and the inputs necessary to produce alternative policies. According to Dubios Fattore (2009), the goals of the field of public administration are related to the democratic values of improving equality, justice, security, efficiency, effectiveness of public services usually in a non-profit, non-taxable venue; business administration, on the other hand, is primarily concerned with taxable profit. For a field built on concepts (accountability, governance, decentralization, clientele), these concepts are often ill-defined and typologies often ignore certain aspects of these concepts. Public administration is centrally concerned with the organization of government policies and programmes as well as the behavior of officials (usually non-elected) formally responsible for their conduct Many unelected public servants can be considered to be public administrators, including police officers, municipal budget analysts, HR benefits administrators, city managers, Census analysts, and cabinet secretaries. Public administrators are public servants working in public departments and agencies, at all levels of government. Every public officer charged with the duties of administration must therefore implant in his mind that secrecy breeds suspicion and suspicion erodes public trust. An administrator who has no trust of the public is like an administrator who has no authority to do what he or she has been appointed or elected to do. Accountability is important in the face of the truth that there is a need to make the work right, the truth that imperfections are a way of life and the truth that men tend to be consumed by greed, pettiness and desire for power and fame, and the truth that those who caused the work to be done not right must answer for his or her fault. Now, it is a way of life that those who want works that are not right are those who want their deeds hidden. With this reality, there ought to be a system that keeps accountability strong and invincible against these imperfections of life and, with more reason, against those who want to do not right by the impulsion of greed. With these principles in mind, the next challenge really of public administration is how to make use of the modern things offered by modern times. (Evardone) In answering this question, the best way is to know the fundamental governance principles that public administration is a result of the collective consent of the citizens to be governed and the fact that the world has gone too modern. The Definition of Public Administration Public administration, developed in the early 1900s, is a special field of study within the academic discipline of political science. It emphasizes the structure and operation of bureaucracies and organizations, including budgeting, personnel, and formal and informal internal controls. Some public administration programs include study of the special management skills required in governmental (as distinct from private) organizations. Its always hard to make a simple, clear and precise definition to academic subjects, this also happens to public administration. Scholars have long been trying to use a simple phrase to define it, but yet after nearly half century of hard work, it still remains in vain. Although making progress, a perfect phrase length definition is still in process. So what is the problem of defining Public Administration? Some think that its multidiscipline characteristics contribute to the absence of a common definition.

Walt Disney and Disneyland Essay -- History Historical Cartoons Morals

Walt Disney and Disneyland When the subject of the Disney Enterprises is brought up, one often thinks of cartoons, musicals or other movies, amusement parks, and famous characters such as Mickey Mouse. And now, nearly four decades after his death, the maker of said creations, Walt Disney, is not nearly as recognized as he should be. Not only are his works and other projects intriguing, his morals and techniques personally behind them are as well. And yet they weren’t just his morals, they were shared by the country’s people who so desired an example of good principles. Perhaps the most significant scheme of all was his creation of his very own amusement park in 1955, Disneyland, located in Anaheim, California. Called â€Å"the happiest place on earth,† Disneyland was gorged with Disney’s beliefs, hopes and values (that were in common with the nation) that were apparent not only in the movie-themed areas but in the whole park and the way it was run as well. Disney, a man keen on innocence and being happy, wanted Disneyland to be a representation of just that, as well as conveying a sense of Americana. The creation of Disneyland not only encompassed and showcased the ideals of Walt Disney but also served as a haven in which people with similar beliefs could come and celebrate such principles as the preservation of innocence, appreciation of simple joys, and nationalism in a postwar country. Moreover, Disneyland was and remains an epitome of the American Dream. Walt Disney, the man who was the creator of the Disney Company and products we know and love today, was certainly extraordinary. He is considered to be one of the most successful people in American history, and rightfully so because the magnitude of his accomplishments is astounding. His films (and the films that are produced under his name now after his death), amusement parks and other merchandise are acknowledged and appreciated throughout the entire world. Nearly all the Disney films and merchandise, and all of the amusement parks target an audience of young children, and therefore Disney endorses his creations with stories containing good morals and an emphasis on maintaining innocence. When Disney first started creating his hit animated features, the nation was in a postwar state and was going through some turmoil within itself as well. Times were changing. The pristine lives most o... ... icon, and because the park truly did embody and reinforce such American beliefs, Disneyland turned out to be an American success. Disney, a man for such strong support for what he believed was right and good in life and society, was not afraid to hold back his thoughts. He conveyed them throughout his films and in his own physical creation, Disneyland. Fortunately for both him and the people of the United States, both he and society agreed on what was morally right. The nation supported his ideals and was grateful for the outlet to this wonderland that he provided. As a man full of -not political- but social power, Disney used his influence to his advantage: to advertise these morals to people all over the world. He began with his creation of what some call his alter ego, Mickey Mouse, worked to producing films, and later opened his own amusement park. From there the Disney empire expanded to beyond belief, more amusement parks popped up not only in America, but also all over the world, and films are still being created under his name. And Walt Disney, the man who started it all -and added a flair of his and th e nation’s good morality-, will remain a household name forever.

Carrie Chapter Seventeen

That this was happening in Chamberlain, in Chamberlain, for God's sake, where he drank iced tea on his mother's sun porch and refereed PAL basketball and made one last cruise out Route 6 past The Cavalier before turning in at 2:30 every morning. His town was burning UP. Tom Quillan came out of the police station and ran down the sidewalk to Doyle's cruiser. His hair was standing up every which way, he was dressed in dirty green work fatigues and an undershirt and he had his loafers on the wrong feet, but Doyle thought he had never been so glad to see anyone in his life. Tom Quillan was as much Chamberlain as anything, and he was thereintact. ‘Holy God,' he panted. ‘Did you see that?' ‘What's been happening?' Doyle asked curtly. ‘I been monitorin' the radio,' Quillan said, ‘Motton and Westover wanted to know if they should send ambulances and I said bell yes, send everything. Hearses too. Did I do right?' ‘Yes.' Doyle ran his hands through his hair. ‘Have you seen Harry Block?' Block was the town's Commissioner of Public Utilities, and that included water. ‘Nope. But Chief Deighan says they got water in the old Rennet Block across town. They're laying hose now. I collared some kids, and they're settin' up a hospital in the police station. They're good boys, but they're gonna get blood on your floor, Otis.' Otis Doyle felt unreality surge over him. Surely this conversation couldn't be happening in Chamberlain. Couldn't. ‘That's all right, Tommy. You did right. You go back there and start calling every doctor in the phone book. I'm going over to Summer Street.' ‘Okay, Otis. If you see that crazy broad, be careful.' ‘Who?' Doyle was not a barking man, but now he did. Tom Quillan flinched back. ‘Carrie, Carrie White.' ‘Who? How do you know?' Quillan blinked slowly. ‘I dunno. It just sort of †¦ came to me.' From the national AP ticker, 11:46 Pm: CHAMBERLAIN, MAINE (AP) A DISASTER OF MAJOR PROPORTIONS HAS STRUCK THE TOWN OF CHAMBERLAIN, MAINE TONIGHT. A FIRE, BELIEVED TO HAVE BEGUN AT EWEN (U-WIN) HIGH SCHOOL DURING A SCHOOL DANCE, HAS SPREAD TO THE DOWNTOWN AREA, RESULTING IN MULTIPLE EXPLOSIONS THAT HAVE LEVELLED MUCH OF THE DOWNTOWN AREA. A RESIDENTIAL AREA TO THE WEST OF THE DOWNTOWN AREA IS ALSO REPORTED TO BE BURNING. HOWEVER, MOST CONCERN AT THIS TIME IS OVER THE HIGH SCHOOL WHERE A JUNIOR-SENIOR PROM WAS BEING HELD. IT IS BELIEVED THAT MANY OF THE PROM-GOERS WERE TRAPPED INSIDE. AN ANDOVER FIRE OFFICIAL SUMMONED TO THE SCENE SAID THE KNOWN TOTAL OF DEAD STOOD AT SIXTY-SEVEN. MOST OF THEM HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS. ASKED HOW HIGH THE TOTAL MIGHT GO HE SAID: ‘WE DON'T KNOW. WE'RE AFRAID TO GUESS. THIS IS GOING TO BE WORSE THAN THE COCONUT GROVE.' AT LAST REPORT THREE FIRES WERE RAGING OUT OF CONTROL IN THE TOWN. REPORTS OF POSSIBLE ARSON ARE UNCONFIRMED. ENDS. 11:56 PM MAY 27 8943F AP There were no more AP reports from Chamberlain. At 12:06 AM., a Jackson Avenue gas main was opened. At 12:17, an ambulance attendant from Motton tossed out a cigarette butt as the rescue vehicle sped toward Summer Street. The explosion destroyed nearly half a block at a stroke, including the offices of The Chamberlain Clarion. By 12:18 A.M.. Chamberlain was cut off from the country that slept in reason beyond. At 12:10, still seven minutes before the gas-main explosion, the telephone exchange experienced a softer explosion: a complete jam of every town phone line still in operation. The three harried girls on duty stayed at their posts but were utterly unable to cope. They worked with expressions of wooden horror on their faces, trying to place unplaceable calls. And so Chamberlain drifted into the streets. They came like an invasion from the graveyard that lay in the elbow creek formed by the intersection of The Bellsqueeze Road and Route 6; they came in white nightgowns and in robes, as if in winding shrouds. They came in pyjamas and curlers (Mrs Dawson, she of the now-deceased son who had been a very funny fellow, came in a mudpack as if dressed for a minstrel show); they came to see what happened to their town, to see if it was indeed lying burnt and bleeding. Many of them also came to die. Carlin Street was thronged with them, a riptide of them, moving downtown through the hectic light in the sky, when Carrie came out of the Carlin Street Congregational Church, where she had been praying. She had gone in only five minutes before, after opening the gas main (it had been easy; as soon as she pictured it lying there under the street it had been easy), but it seemed like hours. She had prayed long and deeply, sometimes aloud, sometimes silently. Her heart thudded and laboured. The veins on her face and neck bulged. Her mind was filled with the huge knowledge of POWERS, and of an ABYSS. She prayed in front of the altar, kneeling in her wet and torn and bloody gown, her feet bare and dirty and bleeding from a broken bottle she had stepped on. Her breath sobbed in and out of her throat, and the church was filled with groanings and swayings and sunderings as psychic energy sprang from her. Pews fell, hymnals flew, and a silver Communion set cruised silently across the vaulted darkness of the nave to crash into the far wall. She prayed and there was no answering. No one was there – or if there was, He/It was cowering from her. God had turned His face away, and why not? This horror was as much His doing as hers. And so she left the church, left it to go home and find her momma and make destruction complete. She paused on the lower step, looking at the flocks of people streaming toward the centre of town. Animals. Let them burn, then. Let the streets be filled with the smell of their sacrifice. Let this place be called racca, ichabod, wormwood. Flex And power transformers atop lightpoles bloomed into nacreous purple light, spitting catherine-wheel sparks. High-tension wires fell into the streets in pick-up-sticks tangles and some of them ran, and that was bad for them because now the whole street was littered with wires and the stink began, the burning began. People began to scream and back away and touched the cables and went into jerky electrical dances. Some had already slumped into the street, their robes and pyjamas smouldering. Carrie turned back and looked fixedly at the church she had just left. The heavy door suddenly swung shut, as if in a hurricane wind. Carrie turned towards home. From the sworn testimony of Mrs Cora Simard, taken before The State Investigatory Board (from The White Commission Report). pp. 217-218: Q. Mrs Simard, the Board, understands that you lost your daughter on Prom Night, and we sympathise with you deeply. We will make this as brief as possible. A. Thank you. I want to help if I can, of course. Q. Were you on Carlin Street at approximately 12.12 when Carietta White came out of the First Congregational Church on that street? A. Yes. Q. Why were you there? A. My husband had to be in Boston over the weekend on business and Rhonda was at the Spring Ball. I was home alone watching TV and waiting up for her. I was watching the Friday Night Movie when the town hall whistle went off, but I didn't connect that with the dance. But then the explosion †¦ I didn't know what to do. I tried to call the police but got a busy signal after the first three numbers. I †¦ I†¦Then †¦ Q. Take your time, Mrs Simard. All the time you need. A. I was getting frantic. There was a second explosion – Teddy's Amoco station, I know now – And I decided to go downtown and see what was happening. There was a glow in the sky, an awful glow. That was when Mrs Shyres pounded on the door. Q. Mrs Georgette Shyres? A. Yes, they live around the corner. 217 Willow. That's just of Carlin Street. She. was pounding and calling: ‘Cora, are you in there? Are you in there?' I went to the door. She was in her bath-robe and slippers. Her feet looked cold. She said they had called Auburn to see if they knew anything and they told her the school was on fire. I said: ‘Oh dear God, Rhonda's at the dance.' Q. Is this when you decided to go downtown with Mrs Shyres? A. We didn't decide anything. We just went. I put on a pair of slippers – Rhonda's, I think. They had little white puffballs on them. I should have worn my shoes, but I wasn't thinking. I guess I'm not thinking now. What do you want to hear about my shoes for? Q. You tell it in your own way, Mrs Simard. A. T-Thank you. I gave Mrs Shyres some old jacket that was around, and we went. Q. Were there many people walking down Carlin street? A. I don't know. I was too upset. Maybe thirty. Maybe more. Q. What happened? A. Georgette and I were walking toward Main Street, holding hands just like two little girls walking across a meadow after dark. Georgette's teeth were clicking. I remember that. I wanted to ask her to stop clicking her teeth, but I thought it would be impolite. A block and a half from the Congo Church, I saw the door open and I thought: Someone has gone in to ask God's help. But a second later I knew that wasn't true. Q. How did you know? It would be logical to assume just what you first assumed, wouldn't it? A. I just knew. Q. Did you know the person who came out of the church? A. Yes. It was Carrie White. Q. Had you ever seen Carrie White before? A. No. She was not one of my daughter's friends. Q. Had you ever seen a picture of Carrie White? A. No. Q. And in any case, it was dark and you were a block and a half from the church. A. Yes, sir. Q. Mrs Simard, how did you know it was Carrie White? A. I just knew. Q. This knowing, Mrs Simard: was it like a light going on in your head? A. No, sir. Q. What way it A. I can't tell you. It faded away the way a dream does. An hour after you get up you can only remember you had a dream. But I knew. Q. Was there an emotional feeling that went with this knowledge? A. Yes. Horror. Q. What did you do then? A. I turned to Georgette and said: There she is. Georgette said: ‘Yes, that's her.' She started to say something else, and then the whole street was lit up by a bright glow and there were crackling noises and then the power lines started to fall into the street, some of them spitting live sparks. One of them hit a man in front of us and he b-burst into flames. Another man started to run and he stepped on one of them and his body just arched backward, as if his back had turned into elastic. And then he fell down. Other people were screaming and running, just running blindly, and more and more cables fell. They were strung all over the place like snakes. And she was glad about it. Glad! I could feel her being glad. I knew I had to keep my head. The people who were running were getting electrocuted. Georgette said: ‘Quick, Cora. Oh God, I don't want to get burned alive.' I said, ‘Stop that. We have to use our heads, Georgette, or we'll never use them again.' Something foolish like that. But she wouldn't listen. She let go of my hand and started to ran for the sidewalk. I screamed at her to stop – there was one of those heavy main cables broken off right in front of us – but she didn't listen. And she †¦ she†¦ oh, I could smell her when she started to burn. Smoke just seemed to burst out of her clothes and I thought: that's what it must be like when someone gets electrocuted. The smell was sweet like pork. Have any of you ever smelled that? Sometimes I smell it in my dreams. I stood still, watching Georgette Shyres turn black. There was a big explosion over in the West End-the gas main, I suppose – but I never even noticed it. I looked around and I was all alone. Everyone else had either run away or was burning. I saw maybe six bodies. They were like piles of old rags. One of the cables had fallen on to the porch of a house to the left, and it was catching on fire. I could hear the old-fashioned shake shingles poppin g like Corn. it seemed like I stood there a long time, telling myself to keep my head. It seemed like hours. I began to be afraid that I would faint and fall on one of the cables, or that I would panic and start to run. Like †¦ like Georgette. So then I started to walk. One step at a time. ‘Me street got even brighter, because of the burning house. I stepped over two live wires and went around a body that wasn't much more than a puddle. I-I-I had to look to see where I was going. There was a wedding ring on the body's hand, but it was all black. All black. Jesus, I was Oh dear Lord. I stepped over another one and then there were three, all at once. I just stood there looking at them. I thought if I got over those I'd be all right but †¦ I didn't dare. Do you know what I kept thinking of? That game you play when you're kids, Giant Step. A voice in my mind was saying, Cora, take one giant step over the live wires in the street. And I was thinking May P May P One of the m was still spitting a few sparks, but the other two looked dead. But you can't tell. The third rail looks dead too. So I stood there, waiting for someone to come and nobody did. The house was still burning and the flames had spread to the lawn and the trees and the hedge beside it. But no fire trucks came. Of course they didn't. The whole west side was burning up by that time. And I felt so faint. And at last I knew it was take the giant step or faint and so I took it, as big a giant step as I could, and the heel of my slipper came down not an inch from the last wire. Then I got over and went around the end of one more wire and then I started to run. And that's all I remember. When morning came I was lying on a blanket in the police station with a lot of other people. Some of them – a few-were kids in their prom get-ups and I started to ask them if they had seen Rhonda. And said †¦ they s-s-said †¦ (A short recess) Q. You are personally sure that Carrie White did this? A. Yes. Q. Thank you, Mrs Simard. A. I'd like to ask a question, if you please. Q. Of course. A. What happens if there are others like her? What happens to the world? From The Shadow Exploded (p. 15 1): By 12:45 on the morning of May 28, the situation in Chamberlain was critical. The school had burned itself out on a fairly isolated piece of ground, but the entire downtown area was ablaze. Almost all the city water in that area had been tapped, but enough was available (at low pressure) from Deighan Street water mains to save the business buildings below the intersection of Main and Oak a~. The explosion of Tony's Citgo on upper Summer Street had resulted in a ferocious fire that was not to be controlled until nearly ten o'clock that morning. There was water on Summer Street, there simply were no firemen or fire-fighting equipment to utilize it. Equipment was then on its way from Lewiston, Auburn, Lisbon and Brunswick, but nothing arrived until one o'clock. On Carlin Street, an electrical fire, caused by downed power lines, had begun. It was eventually to gut the entire north side of the street, including the bungalow where Margaret White gave birth to her daughter. On the west end of town, just below what is commonly caned Brickyard Hill, the worst disaster had taken place. The explosion of a gas main and a resulting fire that raged out of control through most of the next day. And if we look at these flash points on a municipal map (see page facing), we can pick out Carrie's route – a wandering, looping path of destruction through the town, but one with an almost certain destination: home †¦ Something toppled over in the living room, and Margaret White straightened up, cocking her head to one side. The butcher knife glittered dully in the light of the flames. The electric power had gone off sometime before, and the only fight in the house came from the fire up the street. One of the pictures fell from the wall with a thump. A moment later the Black Forest cuckoo clock fell. The mechanical bird gave a small, strangled squawk and was still. From the town the sirens whooped endlessly, but she could still hear the footsteps when they turned up the walk. The door blew open. Steps in the hall. She heard the plaster plaques in the living room (CHRIST, THE UNSEEN GUEST, WHAT WOULD JESUS DO, THE HOUR DRAWETH NIGH; IF TONIGHT BECAME JUDGMENT, WOULD YOU BE READY) explode one after the other, like plaster birds in a shooting gallery. (o i've been there and seen the harlots shimmy on wooden stages) She sat up on her stool like a very bright scholar who has gone to the head of the class, but her eyes were deranged. The living-room windows blew outward. The kitchen door dammed and Carrie walked in. Her body seemed to have become twisted, shrunken, cronelike. The prom dress was in tatters and flaps, and the pig blood had began to clot and streak. There was a smudge of grease on her forehead and both knees were scraped and raw-looking. ‘Momma,' she whispered. Her eyes were preternaturally bright, hawklike, but her mouth was trembling. If someone had been them to watch, he would have been struck by the resemblance between them. Margaret White sat on her kitchen stool, the carving knife hidden among the folds of her dress in her lap. ‘I should have killed myself when he put it in me,' she said clearly. ‘After the first time, before we were married, he promised. Never again. He said we just †¦ slipped. I believed him. I fell down and I lost the baby and that was God's judgment. I felt that the sin had been expiated. By blood. But sin never dies. Sin †¦ never †¦ dies.' Her eyes glittered. ‘Momma' ‘At first it was all right. We lived sinlessly. We slept in the same bed, belly to belly sometimes, and O, I could feel the presence of the Serpent, but we never did until.' She began to grin, and it was a hard, terrible grin. ‘And that night I could see him looking at me That Way. We got down on our knees to pray for strength and he†¦ touched me. In that place. That woman place. And I sent him out of the house. He was gone for hours, and I prayed for him. I could see him in my mind's eye, walking the midnight streets, wrestling with the devil as Jacob wrestled with the Angel of the Lord. And when he came back, my heart was filled with thanksgiving.' She paused, grinning her dry, spitless grin into the shifting shadows of the room. ‘Momma, I don't want to hear it!' Plates began to explode in the cupboards like clay pigeons. ‘It wasn't until he came in that I smelled the whiskey on his breath. And he took me. Took me! With the stink of filthy roadhouse whiskey still on him he took me †¦ and I liked it She screamed out the last words at the ceiling. ‘I liked it o all that dirty fucking and his hands on me ALL OVER ME!' ‘MOMMA!' (MOMMA!!) She broke off as if slapped and blinked at her daughter ‘I almost killed myself,' she said in a more normal tone of voice. ‘And Ralph wept and talked about atonement and I didn't and then he was dead and then I thought God had visited me with cancer; that He was turning my female parts into something as black and rotten as my sinning soul. But that would have been too easy. The Lord works in mysterious ways, His wonders to perform. I see that now. When the pains began I went and got a knife – this knife-‘ she held it up ‘-and waited for you to come so I could make my sacrifice. But I was weak and backsliding. I took this knife in hand again when you were three, and I backslid again. So now the devil has come home.' She held the knife up, and her eyes fastened hypnotically on the glittering hook of its blade. Carrie took a slow, blundering step forward.

Advertising Images of Elderly

Advertising Images of Elderly The attitudes younger generations have of the elderly and the relationships they share, as well as perceptions older people have of themselves, are directly affected by stereotypes portrayed in television advertisements (Hillier & Barrow, 2011, p. 35). When the elderly are visible in advertising, it is typically in life insurance and emergency catastrophe product commercials.These ads implied that the elderly are feeble, stubborn, grouchy, lonely, ugly, helpless, mentally declined, and isolated (â€Å"Life Call Commercial,† n. d. ). As a group, they suffered from immobility, illness, and frailness (â€Å"August 2004 Commercials part 9,† n. d. ). By portraying the elderly in a negative aspect in advertising, younger audiences and senior citizens began to accept the stereotypical and an unrealistic portrait of aging (Hillier & Barrow, 2011,p 39-41).All too many advertisements that use the elderly perpetuate negative aging stereotypes. These t elevision ads often try to generate media attention that overemphasis the vulnerability of older people (Hillier & Barrow, 2011, p 47). One clear example of this, when Lifecall began running an overly dramatic advertisement in the late 1980’s. Typically, these older actors in these commercials were force to portray characters that were either deathly ill or sprawled across the bathroom floor clutched to a walker, crying â€Å"Help!I’ve fallen and I can’t get up! † The ad gave younger viewers the impression that the elderly were all of a sudden incapable of being alone at home, unable to get help, perhaps for hours or even days. They must rely on their medical alert pendent if they were ever going to call an ambulance, a next door neighbor, family, or a doctor (â€Å"Life Call Commercial,† n. d. ). Running head: ADVERTISING IMAGES OF ELDERLY 4 In other ads, the elderly were repeatedly reminded of negative stereotypes associated with aging (Hillier & Barrow, 2011, p. 7). As the older spokeswoman dropped change into the parking meter, she described to a group of listeners that Colonial Penn Life Insurance helped make sure that her money problems did not become a burden to her family. The commercial continued to communicate with the elderly that the average cost of a funeral was over six thousand dollars (â€Å"August 2004 Commercials part 9,† n. d. ). These advertisements conveyed the idea to the elderly that their departure will place significant financial burdens to their family members.They would more likely be remembered for putting their families into extensive debt. By repeatedly exposing negative portrayals of elderly in Lifecall and Colonial Penn Life Insurance television ads, many children and young adults have lost their respect for the elderly. They believe in wrong or emphasize fictional messages of older people. They see the elderly as defenseless and burdens. Also, the negative stereotypes in television ads have a serious effect on older people’s self-esteem. They take on the negative stereotypes generated on television ads.

Mental Workload Nursing, Air Traffic Management and IT

Mental Workload Nursing, Air Traffic Management and IT Introduction It has been acknowledged that people are subjected to different levels of mental workload (MWL) at their work places. Different jobs are associated with different tasks, responsibilities and social interactions. This, in its turn, leads to different levels of MWL (Leka Houdmont, 2010). In the first place, it is important to define the concept of MWL. Wickens (2008) notes that the concept characterizes â€Å"the demand imposed by tasks on the human’s limited mental resources, whether considered as single or multiple† (p. 452).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Mental Workload: Nursing, Air Traffic Management and IT specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Researchers try to evaluate the levels of MWL associated with different jobs, to increase effectiveness of employees and reduce anxiety, job dissatisfaction and address various negative effects (Sassaroli et al., 2008). To take a closer look at dif ferent factors influencing levels of MWL, it is possible to focus on particular jobs. The present paper dwells upon such areas as nursing, air traffic management and IT. Thus, it is possible to analyse such jobs as the nurse practitioner at geriatric nursing home, the en route air traffic controller and the IT professional. Different factors influencing MWL are examined for each job. The present paper also contains some recommendations concerning decreasing the level of MWL for one of the jobs. Factors Contributing to MWL Researchers single out various factors contributing to MWL. For instance, Rafnsdottir et al. (2004, p. 51) mention such factors as time pressure, dissatisfactory communication with colleagues, supervisors or clients, â€Å"dissatisfaction with the hierarchy at work† as well as violence and harassment at workplace. Rubio et al. (2004) focus on such factors as objective difficulty of tasks fulfilled and employees’ attitude towards their tasks. Metzger a nd Parasuraman (2005) also take into account such factor as employees’ self-confidence. As far as the jobs mentioned above are concerned, it is possible to define particular factors contributing to MWL. IT professionals may be exposed to several factors contributing to MWL. In the first place, tasks completed by IT professionals may be monotonous at times. Notably, monotonous work is regarded as one of the factors contributing to MWL as people get mentally tired (Leka Houdmont, 2010). IT professionals may also experience lack of communication and social interactions. Admittedly, social interactions provide employees with the necessary relaxation at workplace, distracting employees from their tasks and giving the necessary rest to their brains. As for the tasks themselves, the complexity of the task can also contribute to MWL. Thus, when an employee cannot cope with a task, he/she feels anxiety, stress and job dissatisfaction. As for the en route air traffic controllers, ther e are specific factors to examine. Loft et al. (2007) note that this job is associated with quite high level of MWL. The major factors contributing to MWL are time pressure, the necessity to make a lot of quick and correct decisions, interactions with others (pilots, controllers, etc.).Advertising Looking for report on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More En route air traffic controllers experience considerable level of MWL due to the objective complexity of their tasks. Nonetheless, people who have the necessary skills, knowledge and have the necessary experience do not feel job dissatisfaction or fatigue as they have the necessary tools to handle tasks. Finally, nurse practitioners at geriatric nurse homes have to cope with high levels of MWL. The major factors contributing to MWL are psychological, to great extent. Rafnsdottir et al. (2004) report that these employees often feel dissatisfaction as they feel they do not fully meet patients’ as well as managers’ expectations. Besides, nurse practitioners are exposed to anxiety patients feel, and to their sufferings. Nurse practitioners have to comfort people who have really serious, painful and often terminal diseases. It can be psychologically difficult to work in such conditions. Different Levels of MWL The jobs mentioned above have quite different levels of MWL due to peculiarities of the jobs. The three jobs presuppose different tasks, different levels of responsibility and different levels of communication. Thus, IT professionals work with machines and communicate with their colleagues (the majority of their time they spend communicating with other IT professionals). En route air traffic controllers have to handle much higher degree of responsibility. They are responsible for lives of many people. They also have to communicate with different professionals. En route air traffic controllers have to be very precise, orga nized and attentive. However, it is necessary to note that they still communicate with other people through machines, which creates certain alienation. Nurse practitioners have to communicate with many people (patients, other practitioners, managers, patients’ relatives) in person. These employees are exposed to really hard feelings. They have to see suffering of people. At that, nurse practitioners cannot always alleviate patients’ sufferings. These factors make this job really difficult. Among the three jobs, this job has the highest level of MWL. Recommendations One of the major factors that contribute to MWL is dissatisfaction because of inability to â€Å"harmonize the demands and expectations of patients/employees/supervisors† (Rafnsdottir et al., 2004, p. 51). It is possible to address this problem. Thus, it is possible to launch special training. This training will presuppose gaining professional knowledge and sharing experience. Apart from gaining new s kills and knowledge, nurse practitioners will be able to obtain self-confidence. They can obtain hope that all difficulties can be handled.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Mental Workload: Nursing, Air Traffic Management and IT specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Apart from this, it can be also helpful to launch team building and recreation activities for nurse practitioners. Barbecues, sport competitions, concerts, etc. can help nurse practitioners relax. These activities can involve nurse practitioners only, or these could be combined teams (nurse practitioners, patients, supervisors, relatives, etc.). Positive emotions will help employees handle various negative factors they are exposed to at work place. It is also important to make sure nurse practitioners can obtain the necessary psychological assistance when necessary. Finally, it can be effective to monitor nurse practitioners’ job satisfaction several t imes a year. This will help researchers learn more about factors contributing to MWL. It will also help them come up with possible steps to decrease the level of MWL in this field. More so, it can also help work out general steps to decrease levels of MWL at different workplaces. Conclusion On balance, it is possible to note that different jobs have different levels of mental workload. These differences are due to different levels of responsibility and peculiarities of each job. Admittedly, there are various factors contributing to MWL, e.g. monotonous work, overcomplicated tasks, time pressure, etc. However, jobs involving a lot of communication and social interactions have high levels of MWL. For instance, the profession of the nurse practitioner presupposes high levels of MWL as these employees have to see other people’s suffering, which is associated with significant psychological pressure. However, it is possible to decrease the level of MWL by launching specific trainin g courses, team building and recreation activities. It can be effective to provide psychological assistance to nurse practitioners. Reference List Leka, S., Houdmont, J. (2010). Occupational health psychology. Chichester, UK: John Wiley Sons. Loft, S., Sanderson, P., Neal, A., Mooij. (2007). Modeling and predicting mental workload in en route air traffic control: Critical review and broader implications. Human Factors, 49(3), 376-399.Advertising Looking for report on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Metzger, U., Parasuraman, R. (2005). Automation in future air traffic management: Effects of decision aid reliability on controller performance and mental workload. Human Factors, 47(1), 1-15. Rafnsdottir, G.L., Gunnarsdottir, H.K., Tomasson, K. (2004). Work organization, well-being and health in geriatric care. Work, 22, 49-55. Rubio, S., Diaz, E., Martin, J., Puente J.M. (2004). Evaluation of subjective mental workload: A comparison of SWAT, NASA-TLX, and workload profile methods. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 53(1), 61-86. Sassaroli, A., Zheng, F., Hirshfield, L.M., Girouard, A., Solovey, E.T., Jacob, R.J.K., Fantini, S. (2008). Discrimination of mental workload levels in human subjects with functional near-infrared spectroscopy. Journal of Innovative Optical Health Sciences, 1(2), 227-237. Wickens, C.D. (2008). Multiple resources and mental workload. Human Factors, 50(3), 449-455.

Writing Law School Personal Statements

Writing Law School Personal Statements Each year, more students apply to law school than to any other type of graduate university in the nation. Given this fact, there is no doubt that many of you could benefit from a brief tutorial on the specifics of writing a law school personal statement. This is why I would like to take a moment to offer some tips on writing effective and compelling admissions papers for law school. One characteristic to which law school admissions board members pay a great deal of attention is the writing ability of their applicants. This is why law school personal statements are so important. Law school personal statements serve two functions: they give admissions personnel a glimpse of the writers personality, as well as demonstrate his or her grasp of the written language. If and when you decide to begin working on your law school personal statement, I strongly advise you to approach it as you would a legal case. Since your interest is in the field of law, write your law school personal statement as you would an argument for someone in whose cause you believe. Take great care in making sure that your composition is well structured and your points of analysis are forceful and convincing. In the end, your law school personal statement should speak highly of you, so utilize all of your resources in order to deliver a quality composition. If you would like more information about law school personal statements or if you would like to know where you can find quality online editing services, please dont hesitate to contact me. I would love nothing more than to help you!

The Marketing Mix of Mini Cheddar Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Marketing Mix of Mini Cheddar - Essay Example The good results of the company were because of the good strategy of the company price and product quality. However, the company needed to improve on promotion and the place as it caused the company some problems. The study through the questionnaire pointed out that the company needed to do more on its strategies to improve it marketing strategy and meet good customer base. Introduction The source of the information on this part was from Kenilson who is the author of the book, â€Å"Marketing (Daewin, 2011)† .Cheddars are products of baked Cheddar cheese, which are flavored with the British savory biscuits with granular crumby texture. Cheddars in the present market are sold under the McVitie’s. Mini cheddars came in as a result of diversification of the products by theMcvities’ as the sales of their unique products started to wane. They products became increasingly popular in the 1970s, which led to the introduction of new flavors in the market The flavors intro duced in include the Marmite, BBQ Beef, Pickle and Mature Cheddar. The new variety of crispier lined Mini Cheddars called Crinkly were also launched .The company strategy is to be the market leader in a competitive market to ensure their sales are higher and have a great customer base. Product quality and price plays a crucial role in the marketing strategy of the company. The company has customers in all categories which range from children to adults. The company products are unique and are of high quality. The company prices are reasonable and affordable to their cu8stomers.However, the questionnaire administered indicated that there is the need to improve on the strategy of promotion and the location of the company’s outlet (http://www.minicheddarusa.com/AboutUS MinicheddarHistory.php). Methodology In the process of administering the questionnaire I had four members in my team, Mary, Paul, and me. As a team we decided to sit down and decide to design the best questionnaire which we will carry research on the cheese brand and establish the concept of Marketing Mix. We came up with 20 closed questionnaires in order to come up with valid results from the respondents. Lastly, we administered the questionnaires on about 100 respondents in Upper Tilley Shopping mall and we managed to receive 80 feedbacks concerning the study. Results and the analysis of the Mini Cheddar The findings on the administered questionnaire were presented in percentage form. Majority of the correspondence to the questionnaire knew what Mini Cheddars and it represented 80% of the population. On the other hand, the number of those who did not know this product completely was 20% of the total samples in the questionnaire. The questions were entirely based on the 4P Marketing Mix strategy. Products The cheese products from the company is meant for several categories of people who include the children and adults and in order to meet the needs of these diverse groups of people the compa ny products should be of high quality. On the question on what the consumers look at in buying the Mini Cheddar products, many correspondents to the questionnaire said that they look at quality, which 35% of the total questionnaires administered. 20% of the questionnaires liked the taste of the products, thus making them to buy the product. Still on the product, most of the customers who responded to the questionna

Corporate Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Corporate Strategy - Essay Example nd names and private label brands under the Next name, including a variety of menswear, womenswear, child-focused clothing and accessories, and limited houseware products. Next has captured the attention of its target market, which is generally the 18 to 40 year old markets, by providing moderately-priced, contemporary clothing and accessory products that are comparable to the higher quality and higher priced merchandise offered by many High Street stores in the United Kingdom. Next has, since 1999, focused strongly on its online sales division, NextDirect, which recently provided the business 44 percent of its total operating revenues (Next Plc 2012). The business is strategically positioned in terms of service quality excellence, which is supported by considerable capital investments into improving convenience and the home delivery service processes (Next Plc 2012). The business utilises a focused low-cost strategy which allows the organisation to dedicate its service and product-c entric resources to specific markets drawn to the trendy and fashionable merchandise offerings that cater to the younger, contemporary target markets. In a hyper-competitive retail environment, Next is able to outperform even High Street stores and long-standing retailer brands, such as Marks and Spencer, by effectively meeting the needs of a narrower market segment. Many of Next’s competitors, which include Zara, Marks and Spencer, Debenhams, New Look and Matalan (to name only a few), operate in highly competitive retail environments and seek to utilise broad differentiation strategies to create an effective market position in the minds of desired target consumers. The difficulty that many competitors face in this differentiation strategy is that many marketing tactics under this strategy are easy to replicate, with product quality and pricing no longer being viable methods of differentiation (Bennet and Rundle-Thiele 2004; Nandan 2005). However, many of these competitors cater to

Koyo Jean Internationalization Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Koyo Jean Internationalization Strategy - Essay Example The acronym PESTEL bears its origin from the combination of the first letters of these factors. Discussed under, are the various roles played by each one of these factors in the marketing of premium jeans in both South Korea and Brazil. To begin with the PESTEL Analysis of South Korea, the country enjoys political stability, though in the year 1997, there was a financial crisis in the same country, something which affected the country’s economic status. However, some strategies were laid down and in 1998, one year thereafter, the country’s economic status stabilized again. A few years later, the country’s technology also grew making it one the world’s largest technological markets. Socially, the country is characterized by an aging population due to both low fertility and population growth. Despite the low population, the country has a highly competent labour force that facilitates the production and commercialization of advanced technologies which in turn lead to the flourishing of the marketing of the Koyo Jeans designed by William Cheung. The complex and lengthy legal procedures discourage investors. When it comes to the environment of the country, there is unreasonable breach of emission standards. PESTEL Analysis of Brazil shows some similarities though, at the same time brings a few out some differences. Economically, the prices of premium jeans are high due to taxes. Socially, Brazil has a high population than South Korea, hence presenting a strong work force. The country is also technologically advanced hence able to compete favourably with other errant countries including South Korea (Keller & Price, 2011). Porter’s Diamond, named after Michael Porter is an analysis tool for assessing the ability of a country to compete internationally with respect to: factor endowments, firm strategy, structure and rivalry, related and supporting industries, Demand conditions. As discussed earlier, the populations of the two countrie s are contrasting in that South Korea’s Population is small while Brazil’s is large. The large population of Brazil plays a role in labour provision hence making it compete favourably. On the other hand, South Korea despite having a small population, the population is informed in matters relating to technology. This helps the countries to compete favourably. There is need for both countries to come up with long-term objectives so as to help them cope up with completion not just from each other but even from other like-minded countries; those dealing in the designing and marketing of premium jeans worldwide. One of the major strategies is the evident economic and political stability in both countries. The existence of other clothe industries in these countries also plays a significant role. The benefits accruing from the investment in both basic and advanced factors by related firms can spill over. This is characterized by the existence of other industries designing oth er kinds of clothes, which can be worn together with these premium jeans. The worldwide high demand for premium jeans, starting from the citizens of the designing countries (South Korea and Brazil) stimulates the production since this ensures availability of the market. Mode of entry Market mode of entry is a detailed plan designed by a company that shows how it endeavors to enter into a new market (Root, 1994). It is normally a complex decision to make because of its associated risks creating fear for most companies. Koyo jean's entry to South Korea and Brazil should opt to employ exporting, licensing, franchising or joint ventures. Joint ventures normally start

Rheumatoid Arthritis Treatment Methods

Rheumatoid Arthritis Treatment Methods INTRODUCTION Autoimmunity is the inability of an organism in recognizing its own parts as  self, which triggers an abnormal immune response against its own cells or tissues. Due to such a response, autoimmune diseases occur. Autoimmune diseases are broadly divided into the following: Systemic autoimmune diseases: The symptoms and damage occurs throughout the body, i.e the antigen is not tissue-specific. Localized autoimmune diseases: The damage is localized, i.e., the antigen is tissue specific. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic  inflammatory, systemic autoimmune disorderthat may affect many tissues and organs, but mainly attacks the flexible (synovial) joints. 75% of the reported cases of RA occur in women, especially at age: 30 and 40 years and between 50 and 60 years (Bach, 1982). It can be a disabling and  painful  condition, which can lead to consequential loss of mobility and function if not treated adequately. But it is still unclear whether T-cells primarily respond to a microbial antigen, or a self-constituent antigen (Chiniet al., 2002). Lesions developed in RA appear to be involved in both cell-mediated and humoral responses. Prior research work focused on identifying the cells present in the affected synovium, and has been concluded that CD4+ T lymphocytes, active B lymphocytes, and plasma cells, combined with well-formed lymphoid follicles having germinal centers (in more serious cases), are present in the synovium of the patients (Abbas et al., 1994). Major cells present in the synovial filtrate of patients are T-cells, and a partial therapeutic effect was observed due to depletion of T-cells in these patients (Berneret al., 2000). Present understanding of RA conveys that TH1 cells which are specific for a particular antigen (which hasn’t been identified yet) are present in the joints of the patients. Pathogenesis and symptoms Fig1.1: Release of cytokines due to T-cell activation causing an inflamed synovium and pannus. Cytokines released in the synovium are Interleukin(IL)-1, IL-8, Interferon-gamma (INF-gamma), and Tumour Necrosis Factor-alpha(TNF-alpha). But the clinically important ones are IL-1 and TNF-alpha. These cytokines stimulate increase in collaginases, IL-6, chemokines, nitric oxide and Cyclo-oxigenase-2(COX-2) production. The combined action of these and a few others like IL-2 and IL-4 lead to the pathogenesis of the disease. Other than antigens, RA also involves antibodies- this is most likely due to formation of immune complexes. The auto-antibodies produced are called ‘rheumatoid factors’ and are specific to the Fc region of IgG. This rheumatoid factor is an IgM antibody and hence the immune complex consists of IgG-IgM which cause the damage (Janeway et al., 2001). Symptoms include stiffness, pain, swelling, and erythema, joints become tender, swollen, and warm. As it progresses, multiple joints would be affected (polyarthritis). The clinical manifestations are collection of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and macrophages at the inflamed region, cartilage damage, and, destruction of the joint Synovitis (inflammation of the synovium) can lead to  tethering  of tissue, lack of movement and erosion of the surface leading to deformity and loss of function. Systemic complexities are damage to various other organs like lungs, myocardia, pericardia pleura, eyes, and Central Nervous System as a result of inflammatory reactions (fig-1.1). Many agents are now available to treat RA, and many of them are monoclonal antibodies. Several new monoclonal antibodies are currently under development and hopefully will be available as other alternatives The focus of this paper is to state the latest therapeutic monoclonal antibodies being used for RA treatment, to state their merits and demerits and whether they are better than normal drugs/medication. Monoclonal antibodies with different mechanisms of action and route of administration are discussed and whether they pose as good therapeutic agents with an acceptable safety profile. 2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2.1  Treatment of Rhematoid Arthritis Some of the treatments for RA are: Anti-TNF-alphaTreatments Medications Therapeutic monoclonal antibody treatment Earlier it was believed that if one cytokine signal cascade was blocked then another cytokine would takeover. It was hypothesized that IL-1 caused the cartilage and bone damage.Through a study(at Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology), it was found that IL-1 bioactivity had stopped due to TNF-alpha blocking. This led to the development of anti-TNF-alpha treatments like- cyotokine antibodies and soluble-receptor antagonists (Feldmann et al., 1999). There are mainly four types of medications being used- Disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs), Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), immuno-suppressants, and corticosteroids (glucocorticoids).(Rang et al.,1995). DMARDs include pencillamines (Cuprimine ®, Depen ®), gold compounds (Myochrysine ®, Ridaura ®) and chloroquine (Plaquenil ®). Although their mechanism of action is not properly understood, they have a very significant effect on RA patients. NSAIDs like asprin, ibuprofen (Advil  ®), ketoprofen (Orudis ®), naproxen (Naprosyn ®), etc.. have a variety of effects like anti-inflammatory, anti-pyretic, and analgesic effects.Immuno-suppressants like cyclosporine and cytotoxic agents like azathioprine suppress both humoral and cell-mediated immunity. Corticosteroids like prednisone, hydrocortisone, etc., have immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory effects (Rang et al.,1995). 2.1.1 Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies: Each B-cell synthesizes only one kind of antibody and every organism has various populations of B-cells which secrete various antibodies specific to various antigens being recognized. But in order to turn this function into a helpful tool, we need huge amounts of a same antibody. So we need to culture a B-cell population originating from the same ancestral B-cell and hence obtaining the same kind of antibodies.Such a population of cells are called ‘monoclonal’ and the antibodies are‘monoclonal antibodies’(mAbs).Such monoclonal antibodies used for various therapeutic purposes are referred to as ‘therapeutic monoclonal antibodies’. If a specific antibody of a B-lymphocyte is needed, that B-cell should be secreted in an organism. So the antigen for which the antibody is needed is injected into a mouse and it secretes the B-cell antibodies against the antigen. Such B-cells are isolated from the spleen and fused with myeloma cells (using Poly Ethylene glycol, or electroporation), forming hybridomas. To selectively isolate the hybridoma cells, they are grown in HAT(Hypoxanthine AminopterinThyamidine) medium. (Fig 2.1.1) The cancer cells are HGPRT- and the B-cells are HGPRT+(HGPRT is an enzyme Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase which helps in the synthesis of nucleotides from hypoxanthine). Therefore, all the unfused myeloma cells die in the HAT medium and all the unfused B-cells can’t divide for long and only the hybridoma cells survive indefinitely. It is from these cells that the antigen-specific antibodies are labelled and isolated using radioactivity or immunofluorescence. Fig 2.1.1- A summary of the process of monoclonal antibody production. Types Till date there are four types of therapeutic mAbs- Murine Chimeric Humanized Human Murine antibodies (suffix omab)refer tomAbs made from any mammal of the family muridae (like mouse, rat). These mAbs were produced using hybridoma technology and were analogous to murine antibodies. But these were not a success because immune complexes formed due to which they only had a short half-life in vivo and caused cytotoxicity resulting in allergies and anaphylactic shocks .Hence these were replaced by chimeric and humanizedmAbs.Chimeric mAbs (suffix ximab) has variable regions of murine and constant region of humans fused together (they are 65% human). This decreases immunogenicity. Humanized antibodies (suffix –zumab) are made by grafting murine hyper-variable region onto the amino acid region of the human Abs (they are 85% human). However, these antibodies lacked the specificity of their parent murine mAbsso, affinity was increased by introducing mutations in the CDR (complementarity determining region). Phage display libraries or transgenic mice are use to produce human mAbs (suffix –umab). In this the murine genome is injected with the human immunoglobulin genes due to which it becomes transgenic. This mouse is injected with the desired antigen to yield the subsequent mAbs(Hudson PJ, Souriau C., 2003). 2.1.1.1 Monoclonal Antibodies Directed Against TNF-ÃŽ ± TNF-ÃŽ ± is a key mediator of the inflammation-induced joint damage that is a hallmark of this disease. Monoclonal antibodies to TNF bind soluble and transmembrane TNF, thereby down-regulating TNF-induced immune responses including adhesion molecule expression, cytokine production, matrix metalloproteinase production, neutrophil activities, dendritic cell function and osteoclast differentiaion. (Blumi S, Jet al.,2012) Monoclonal antibodies to TNF, except for certolizumab have the ability to lyse TNF-expressing cells in the presence of complement. (Kukar M, et al.,2009). Currently there are four mAbs approved for the treatment of RA Infliximab This is a chimeric IgG1 mAb and has human constant region with murine variable regions.(Perdriger A., 2009). This is best used with methotextrate(MTX) and is available only in the intravenus form. In 2001, it was approved by the FDA in combination with MTX to treat moderate to severe RA. Effectiveness and improvement in the disease compared to placebo was shown in multiple, randomized trials(Elliott MJ, et al., 1993) ,( Lipsky PE, et al., 2000), (MainiRN, et al., 2004). It was proven to be effective in early stages of the disease (et al., 2004).Given that influximab is comprised of a significant proportion of murine protein it was anticipated that patients would develop antichimeric antibodies that could impair the efficacy and increase the risk of infusion reactions. The combination of infliximab and MTX results in a substantial reduction in antichimeric antibody and increased serum infliximab levels.. Adalimumab Adalimumab is a human recombinant IgG1 mAb that has no murine component and is produced by phage display technology. It was FDA/EMA approved in, or soon after, 2002 for the treatment of moderate-to-severe RA as monotherapy or in combination with disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs). It is available in the subcutaneous form at a dose of 40 mg every 2 weeks. Despite adalimumab being a fully human antibody, anti-adalimumab antibodies have been detected in a significant number of patients(Vincent FB, Morland EF, Murphy Ket al.2013). Adalimumab responses and long-term sustainability may be reduced by anti-adalimumab antibodies, but adalimumab generally has good sustainability similar to that of etanercept and generally better than infliximab. Golimumab Golimumab is a fully human IgG1 anti-TNF-ÃŽ ± antibody that was generated and affinity matured in an in vivo system. It is very similar in structure to infliximab without the mouse protein. It was approved by the FDA/EMA in or soon after 2009 for the treatment of moderate-to-severe RA in combination with MTX(Kremer J, et al,2010). Certolizumab Certolizumabpegol is a humanized Fab fragment (Fc free) fused to a 40-kd polyethylene glycol (PEG) moiety. It was FDA/EMA approved in 2009 for the treatment of moderate-to-severe RA as monotherapy or in combination with MTX. It is available in the subcutaneous form at a dose of 400 mg at 0, 2 and 4 weeks, then every 2 weeks or 400 mg every 4 weeks. 2.1.1.2 Antibodies against B Cells B cells are critical to the pathogenesis of RA. Mature B cells may evolve into antibody producing plasma cells. Although the precise role of B-cell-producing autoantibodies in RA remains unclear, B cell and plasma cell infiltration into synovium has consistently been found.In addition to their role as precursors to antibody producing plasma cells, B cells may function as antigen-presenting cells and may also produce inflammatory cytokines and co-stimulatory molecules important for T-cell function.(TngYKO,et al., 2007). Rituximab As rituximab is a B-cell-depleting agent, chimeric/IgG1 monoclonal antibody which binds to the CD20 cell surface marker found on several maturation stages of B lymphocytes. It gained FDA/EMA approval in 2006 for the treatment of moderate-to-severe RA in combination with MTX in patients with inadequate response to anti-TNF. Rituximab is given via the intravenous route at a dose of 1000 mg for two doses 2 weeks apart for each cycle. The first study evaluated rituximab in RA was reported by Edwardset al., 2004.Four treatment groups consisting of MTX monotherapy, rituximab monotherapy, rituximab plus cyclophosphamide and rituximab plus MTX were compared, and all rituximab groups had a better ACR20 response compared with MTX monotherapy, with a comparable safety profile. 2.1.1.3 Antibodies That Interfere With IL-6 Function IL-6 is a cytokine produced by immunologically important cells that has an important role in T-cell activation and immunoglobulin secretion.It also stimulates synovial fibroblast differentiation and osteoclast activation.Dysregulation of IL-6 is also, in part, responsible for many of the generalized systemic effects of RA, including anemia of chronic disease as well as the acute phase reactants seen in this disease(Tanaka.Tet al. , 2010). Tocilizumab Previously called MRA, tocilizumab is a humanized/IgG1 mAb directed against IL-6 receptor in its soluble and transmembrane form. It was approved by the FDA/EMA in early 2010, or slightly before, for the treatment of moderate-to-severe RA in patients with an inadequate response to DMARDs and/or anti-TNF. A subcutaneous form of tocilizumab is currently under study. It is also indicated in patients with anemia of chronic disease since it dramatically increases hemoglobin as a consequence of reduction in hepcidin – the protein that inhibits iron utilization in RA. 2.1.1.4 Antibodies That Interfere With IL-1 Function IL-1 is produced by many cell types in response to myriad inflammatory stimuli and mediates multiple immunologic and inflammatory pathways. In patients with RA, the levels of naturally produced IL-1 receptor antagonist in the synovium is thought to be insufficient to counteract the increased levels of IL-1 produced in this disease (Arend WP., 2002) Anakinra Anakinra is the recombinant form of a human receptor antagonist (IL-1ra), and was approved by the FDA/EMA in, or slightly after, 2002 at a daily dose of 100 mg subcutaneously for moderate-to-severe RA that has been unresponsive to initial disease DMARD therapy. It has been studied in RA in several trials. (Fleischmann RM.et al,  2003) 2.1.1.5 Safety Infections Infections are the most common adverse event associated with the use of all biologics. Infection risks with anakinra and tocilizumab are probably similar to the TNF inhibitors, with rituximab perhaps having slightly less risk.Infection risk may be higher with the use of increased doses of infliximab and anakinra.Respiratory tract infections are most commonly reported. The risk of granulomatous infections, such as tuberculosis, is also increased in patients using monoclonal antibody TNF inhibitors. Malignancies The use of TNF inhibitors in patients with RA has not been associated with an increased risk of solid cancers, with the exception of cutaneous malignancies.. Malignancies have been reported with anakinra, tocilizumab and rituximab, but the risk does not seem higher than predicted in RA patients.(Ding T et al., 2010)Longer-term follow-up is required to more clearly understand the risk of malignancies with these drugs. Demyelinating diseases Symptoms of demyelinating neurologic dysfunction have been associated with TNF inhibitors. Resolution of these symptoms with drug withdrawal is common. TNF inhibitors should be withdrawn immediately if neurologic symptoms occur with use, and probably should be avoided in patients with pre-existing demylelinating symptoms(Ding T, Ledinghamet al., 2010).   3. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 3.1 Drugs vs mAbs Just as monoclonal antibodies have various side effects the medication used for RA also have various complications There have been many news reports about how pain-killing drugs known as COX-2 blockers increase heart attack and stroke risks. Additional studies suggested that older non- steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like ibuprofen could also elevate heart risks.One of the culprits: methotrexate. It’s the most commonly prescribed disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug, orDMARD, for rheumatoid arthritis. It’s also responsible for hair loss in about 1 to 3 percent of people. The hair loss happens because methotrexate is doing what it’s supposed to do – stop cells from growing, including cells causing inflammation and, unfortunately, hair follicles. Folic acid, which is commonly prescribed with methotrexate to mitigate some of its side effects, is a synthetic form of folate, a B-complex vitamin. It can help keep hair healthy, but it has not been fou nd to promote hair growth.Generally as a drug-related side effect, the hair loss is not drastic and the hair does not fall out in patches. And it usually grows back once the patients stop taking the drug.So as of now, most of thesuccesful treatments for RA using monoclonal antibodies are in combination with methotrexate. 3.2 Conclusion and future prospects Monoclonal antibodies with different mechanisms of action and route of administration are highly effective therapeutic agents in the treatment of RA with an acceptable safety profile. Choosing the appropriate treatment is a complex decision that is affected by clinical data, physician and patient preference, and payers. Almost undoubtedly, these types of agents will continue to be important agents in the rheumatologists armamentarium. How to use these agents more selectively, particularly regarding which agents are best for which patients, hopefully will be better established in the future with new biomarkers. Prediction as to what agent to use in the right patient at the right time is clearly a research priority. Monoclonal antibodies as new agents are expensive, and the cost/benefit analysis justifying their use is also critical to practitioners. . Many aspects regarding the efficacy and safety of the supposedly cheaper biologics need to be evaluated before they are available for w idespread use, but their availability and the emergence of new agents in the future may substantially change the RA treatment landscape. Although current therapies can reduce the signs and symptoms of RA for many patients, the quest for a cure (or a more complete blockade of the structural damage) in RA is still ongoing and will need treatment approaches, which are not exclusively confined to blocking a particular cytokine, receptor, or auto-reactive B or T cell involved in disease progression. To this end exciting treatment alternatives and drug targets are on the horizon that may become available to patients in the future.